2015īy 2015, Britney had an extremely popular residency in Las Vegas, Britney: Piece Of Me. Though she called it some of the most personal music she'd ever released, some fans wondered if it was even her voice on some of the recordings. Jason resigned as co-conservator and Papa Spears was in full control again.īritney's eighth studio album, Britney Jean, was released in December 2013 and was widely panned by critics. ![]() The pair split up by the end of 2012, before they could get married. Jamie Spears still had full control of Britney's career and finances, but Jason could dictate everything in her personal life. Britney was still under her father's guardianship, but during their engagement, Jason became co-conservator of her personal affairs. In 2011, she announced her engagement to Jason Trawick, a member of her management team. It was widely believed, though never confirmed, that she was made to continue touring and performing despite not wanting to do so. In 20, many Britney fans noted that she seemed pretty lethargic on stage. Leaked voicemails with her lawyer revealed allegations that Britney's father was using her visitation rights with her two children as leverage to stop her from fighting the conservatorship in court. In 2009, Britney toured the world with her Circus tour, while still legally under her father's control. RELATED: What happened to the Leave Britney Alone guy? Britney Spears' conservatorship was set to expire in December 2008, but it was made permanent by a judge. Jamie was made the permanent conservator of her affairs while attorney Andrew Wallet was named the permanent co-conservator of her estate. The conservatorship was set to expire in December, but it was made permanent by a judge. Doing public performances and winning MTV awards, it felt like the Britney from the early '00s was back. Later in 2008, Britney had a highly-publicised comeback in the lead-up to her album Circus, released in December. Britney also lost custody of her two children, Sean and Jayden, then aged two and one. People placed under a conservatorship are not allowed to vote, drive, get married, or be pregnant. While her conservator, he has total control over her career choices, her appearance, and even romantic life. If Britney wants money - even just $5 for a coffee - she has to get permission. What's a conservatorship? Basically, a conservator, like Jamie, controls every aspect of her life: business, financial, and personal. Britney Spears pictured with her father Jamie. She was photographed by paparazzi being removed from her LA home on a gurney, but only stayed in hospital for two days.Ī couple of weeks later she was placed under another 5150, and while in hospital the courts ruled that she should be placed under a temporary conservatorship held by her father, Jamie Spears. I'm sick of people touching my hair.In January 2008, Britney was placed under a 5150: an involuntary 72-hour psychiatric evaluation. "It was, you know, 'I just don't want anybody, anybody touching my head. I remember asking here, 'why do you shave your head?' And her answer was a bit weird," the tattooist says. The door opened slowly and a hooded figure walked in the door," she says.īritney demanded a tattoo of another woman's lips to begin with, followed by a small cross.Īnd it was Wynne-Hughes who she chose to confide in about her reasons for shaving her head. "I wasn't sure what was happening, if there was a riot outside and then the flashes came. Now, speaking out for the first time, tattooist Emily Wynne-Hughes recalls hearing "an insane roaring sound outside" as Britney and the paps pulled up. ![]() ![]() The saddest part though, was Britney's expression as her manic smile gave way to panic and grief when she realised what she'd done.Ĭrestfallen, she fretted that her "mum was going to be p***ed" before moving on to Body and Soul Tattoo studio.
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All the files included with the default Skins. This year I have also included to make things easier for people: Added a couple of missing font files to both Base Skins. Checked files with Retail 15.1.3 Patch. FM DARK: Fixed colour of sidebar should be black not blue. Only additions are some extra colour settings located at the bottom of the settings file. Applies to both the Dark and Classic Base Skin. Also the Light Base Skin has fairly solid panels compared to the Dark Skin, if you want the panels to be more transparent like the Dark Skin then delete the contents of the graphics folder.īelow are a couple of screenshots, first one shows the Light Base Skin with the font settings I've included, second screenshot shows font settings from the Official Alternative Skin (what you will get if you delete the fonts folder) and the third screenshot shows what the skin will look like if you delete the graphics folder:Īlso as there are still some issues with the Steam Workshop I have included all the files from the Alternative skins so you do not need to have them installed before using the Alternative Base Skins this year. NOTE: For the Base Skin 2015 the font settings of the Default Alternative Skin seem to be slightly different to the Default Dark Skin, as I find the font settings of the Dark Skin easier to read I have altered the font settings for the Base Skin 2015, however if you want the orignal font settings back delete the fonts folder from the Base Skin. *NEW* Classic Dark Base Skin - This is the Dark Base Skin for the FMC (Classic) Mode of FM2015 and is identical in appearance to the Alternative Dark FMC Skin. *NEW* Base Skin 2015 - This is the Light Alternative Full Mode Skin and is based on the Default FM2015 Light Skin.Ĭlassic Base Skin - This is the Base Skin for the FMC (Classic) Mode of FM2015 and is identical in appearance to the Default FMC Skin. UPDATE: 13th December 2014 - Base Skins for the Alternative skins added in patch 15.2 are now up.įor Football Manager 2015 you have four skins to choose from with both Light and Dark skins for both the Full Mode and FMC Mode:ĭark Base Skin 2015 - This is the Default Base Skin and is identical in appearance to the Default FM2015 Dark Skin. So to make things easier for people I've put up some base skins that are identical to the default skins that come with the game, so you can add new files/graphics to these without messing up the original skins, and anything that isn't located in these new skin folders will be taken from the default locations within the game. As with most recent Football Managers for you to make certain changes in Football Manager 2015 you need to create a new skin. ![]() Tony found an example of the alloy in his father's archives and then used it to strengthen his suit of armor. It states that, off camera, Tony pulled the old files on an alloy his father worked on during WWII. ![]() The reason I'm posting here is the story eludes to Stark's father's involvement in Project Rebirth. It's very well written and extremely interesting. Jeesh please think before you post comments on here.Īnyone else read the bonus story attached to the Walmart Iron Man DVD? It's an excellent little comic that tells of Nick Fury and Agent Coulson's behind the scenes dealings during the events of the film. Im PRETTY sure that if Bryan Singer can do that, marvel can afford a much better director who could pull off the Avengers. Bryan Singer of all people managed to pull it off with the Xmen. and then.some idiot above me said a cross over movie would be ridiculous because you cant have that many superheroes together. And then some of you keep saying THIS IS THE WORST EASTER EGG EVER THEY DIDNT DO IT CLOSE ENOUGH FOR IT TO LOOK LEGIT-the guy a few commdents above me was right THEY COULDNT DO IT TOO CLOSE BECAUSE THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE FORCING SOMEONE TO CAPTAIN AMERICAS ROLE WITHOUT ANYONE BEING SIGNED ON YET. Ok all of you guys that keep saying "How does Tony have his shield if The Hulk came out after Iron Man?" If you wern't retarded you would remember that at the end of the Hulk Tony Stark tells General Ross that He can help him with his big green problem-MEANING Iron man was set AFTER the hulk you dumbasses. If you thought The Dark Knight had one hell of an opening weekend, just wait until The Avengers opens on July 15th, 2011. By the time we get to 2011, every last Marvel movie from 2008 to 2010 will all have lead up to the arrival of The First Avenger: Captain America and The Avengers. And Leterrier's right, " crossovers-it's the future of movie making." I've already mentioned it before, but I think this is more than just an easter egg. You have to look for it," he said way back in June. There's no questions - that's definitely Captain America as director Louis Leterrier promised. This appearance was also confirmed by Rope of Silicon, for those who may be still skeptical about it. Apparently when an avalanche come crashing down towards the camera near the end, you can see Captain America (and his signature shield) frozen in the ice near the bottom of the screen. It's an alternate opening scene found in the special features that shows Bruce Banner wandering around in the Arctic. If you don't have the DVD yet, you can check out the screencap below. The only problem - that arctic scene was cut from the theatrical version of the movie! With the DVD due out next week, our friends at Film School Rejects have officially discovered our superhero frozen in the ice, as promised. In The Incredible Hulk, Captain America himself could be seen frozen in the ice in the Arctic. In Iron Man, Captain America's half-built shield could be seen sitting on Tony Stark's work desk. Back in the summer when we were caught up in both Iron Man and Incredible Hulk, two rather exciting easter eggs were discovered in both movies. ![]() You can write and have even learned to do some very nice illuminated work. So, you are a crooked monk in the 15th century. Since both were illiterate, none were the wiser.ĩ) I actually hope it is some kind of hidden code. The serf, not wanting to disappoint/lose-a-head complied. What I mean is, the characters might represent an attempt to be a kind of human musical score, charting human vocal sounds organized in time.Ĩ) I wonder if the work was commissioned/demanded by an illiterate 'Pointy-haired boss' of the era (perhaps a lord/duke/baron or something) who had asked one of his serfs, also illiterate, to create a book/manuscript because a rival lord had one of his own. ![]() If it was the work of a madman, that might explain a lot, but doesn't make it any less interesting or beautiful to me.Ħ) I think people may have had a lot more free time and less distractions back then.ħ) the characters may actually have a meaning, but they may not have been meant to articulate a written language but a spoken one (I wonder if that makes any sense). Also, I assume that humans back in the 15th century were as susceptible to insanity as they are now. If true, I again wonder if the manuscript was penned by someone who wanted to be able to write, (and who, because of his/her/their illiteracy didn't understand how writing worked) and attempted to physically emulate the act of real writing which may have been observed by, for example, scribes/scholars of the era.ĥ) Human imagination is a powerful force. This person (or possibly persons) may have taken bits and pieces of observed writing/letters/characters and copied them as well as created their own.ģ) I wonder, if based on a kind of 'handwriting' analysis, if it can be determined that one person or several were responsible for 'writing' or drawing the manuscript.Ĥ) I assume that literacy was far more rare at the time the manuscript was estimated to have been created (15th century, according to the article) than it is today. Not meant as some kind of prank, but some kind of attempt of emulation.Ģ) If the language is not real, then it might have been written (perhaps 'drawn' is more appropriate in context) by someone who was illiterate. New to reddit? Click here! Get flair in /r/science Previous Science AMA'sġ) If linguists and/or crypto linguists cannot find patterns that make sense, I wonder if the language is not real. Repeat or flagrant offenders will be banned.Comments dismissing established findings and fields of science must provide evidence.Criticism of published work should assume basic competence of the researchers and reviewers.Non-professional personal anecdotes will be removed.No off-topic comments, memes, low-effort comments or jokes.All submissions must have flair assigned.No blogspam, images, videos, or infographics.Research must be less than 6 months old.No editorialized, sensationalized, or biased titles. ![]() No summaries of summaries, re-hosted press releases, or reposts.Directly link to published peer-reviewed research or media summary. The COPY command reads and loads data in parallel from a file or multiple files in an S3 bucket. You can take maximum advantage of parallel processing by splitting your data into multiple files, in cases where the files are compressed. ![]() The COPY command appends the new input data to any existing rows in the target table. The COPY command can load data from Amazon S3 for the file formats AVRO, CSV, JSON, and TXT, and for columnar format files such as ORC and Parquet. In situations when the contiguous fields are missing at the end of some of the records for data files being loaded, COPY reports an error indicating that there is mismatch between the number of fields in the file being loaded and the number of columns in the target table. In some situations, columnar files (such as Parquet) that are produced by applications and ingested into Amazon Redshift via COPY may have additional fields added to the files (and new columns to the target Amazon Redshift table) over time. In such cases, these files may have values absent for certain newly added fields. To load these files, you previously had to either preprocess the files to fill up values in the missing fields before loading the files using the COPY command, or use Amazon Redshift Spectrum to read the files from Amazon S3 and then use INSERT INTO to load data into the Amazon Redshift table. ![]() #Parquet to redshift data types how to#. ![]() In the West, this came in the form of a short-lived and tumultuous partnership with Upper Deck Entertainment that ran until 2008 when the company regained control of the licence and directly distributed the title in English markets. The early years of Yu-Gi-Oh! in Korea saw a rapid-fire localisation of many of the early structure decks and booster packs on a near-monthly basis.Ĭonfident with its domestic success, Konami sought partners for global expansion. In this time Bandai unsuccessfully attempted to adapt the card game into real life, before Konami turned it into a phenomenon with its own take in 1999. Early chapters of Kazuo Takahashi’s manga don’t even centre on anything similar to the ubiquitous trading card game, and the first anime in the series based on these chapters has remained mostly a relic and curio of a possible future that never came to be after the Duelist Kingdom arc and newer anime transformed the series. Yu-Gi-Oh! as a franchise evolved heavily from its origins as a brooding psychological thriller in the pages of comic magazine Shonen Jump to a card game fighting manga to the multi-billion dollar franchise we know today. So I went to Korea to understand this regional game for myself.Ī look out over Seoul. Yet, in spite of a passionate fanbase, and a healthy competitive scene both online and in the card stores that hide amidst the highrise buildings of Seoul and other cities across South Korea, it’s a region whose players and history remain broadly under-explored. The result of this is a unique community: a strong niche within a region dominated by imported card game giants like Magic: The Gathering and Pokémon, alongside a mix of domestic TCGs and more niche franchises like Cardfight Vanguard. ![]() It’s the only region outside of China with official localisation support not handled in-house by publisher Konami, while the release schedule and pricing of its booster packs also differs to those found elsewhere. Buy and customize more than 30 different types of spaceship to aid you in a variety of heart-pounding missions, including escorting convoys under pirate attack, capturing intergalactic criminals, rescuing alien VIPs, transporting valuable goods between star systems, commanding mercenaries on dangerous tactical assignments and recovering alien technology from the darkest corners of the galaxy.The circumstances surrounding Yu-Gi-Oh! in Korea are a fascinating one, in part because its history isn’t a mirror to the understood narrative found elsewhere in the world. Old friends and new enemies join forces as Keith takes command of a dangerous intergalactic mission that sends him deep into enemy space, bringing the war to an explosive conclusion that will set the entire galaxy on fire.įollow the rich and engrossing storyline through a fully 3D, war-torn galaxy with over 10 hours of action-packed gameplay, or head off on an interplanetary journey of your own design: mining asteroids, trading ore and supplies, taking on mercenary missions, working as a pirate and manufacturing new weapons and equipment as you seek adventure and excitement on the final frontier. ![]() Along the way he must fight space pirates, trade cargo, explore new territories and negotiate with shady characters to uncover the truth about this powerful enemy and ultimately find his way home. Despite his efforts to return home, Keith is drawn into a deadly plot to investigate and stop this alien menace. ![]() Catapulted 35 years into the future by a malfunction of his hyperdrive, he suddenly awakens at at the far end of the galaxy, where he quickly finds himself fighting for his life against a mysterious alien armada that is wreaking havoc on the warring races occupying this volatile sector of space. In the game you will take over the role of the intergalactic adventurer and war hero Keith T. And now it is ready to take the PC by storm as well and set it on fire with a compelling story line, next-gen 3D graphics, rich sound design and action-packed sci-fi gameplay! Millions of installed copies and thousands of raving reviews by fans and media alike leave no doubt that Galaxy on Fire 2™ is the undisputed benchmark for open space shooters on mobile devices. With the recent release of Galaxy on Fire 2™ Full HD, Fishlabs Entertainment’s award-winning sci-fi saga finally blazes onto your Windows PC. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the writing skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several hundred-page book so that it is captivating and well-paced. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several hundred-page autobiography or "how-to" book. Ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing. Some university and college students hire ghostwriters from essay mills to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. A controversial and scientifically unethical practice is medical ghostwriting, where biotech or pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then recruit (via payment or as a perk) other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these articles before they are published in medical or scientific journals. A number of papal encyclicals have been written by ghostwriters. Public officials and politicians employ "correspondence officers" to respond to the large volume of official correspondence. ![]() However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgment of their contribution is public domain and the writer in question would not be considered a ghostwriter.Ī consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance credibility as an 'expert' in their field. In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in either fine art or commercial art such as comics for a number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist Andy Warhol engaged in this practice, supervising an assembly line silk screen process for his artwork. In hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. Notable rappers such as Nicki Minaj have criticized artists like Cardi B for using ghostwriters to make their songs. However it is most notable today among rap artists since there is a pressure to produce lyrically challenging content. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician. Composers have long hired ghostwriters to help them to write musical pieces and songs Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. Ghostwriting (or simply "ghosting") also occurs in other creative fields. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for their writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. ![]() ![]() Screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve them. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, and instrumental pieces. Memoir ghostwriters often pride themselves in "disappearing" when impersonating others since such disappearance signals the quality of their craftsmanship. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, memoirs, magazine articles, or other written material. As a result, his publisher hired ghostwriters to write novels in the Clancy style.Ī ghostwriter is a person hired to write literary or journalistic works, speeches, or other texts that are putatively credited to another person as the author. The popular demand for Tom Clancy's action novels exceeded his ability to write new books. Single King Pawn or Semi-Open Games (1.e4 other than e5 move).Double King Pawn or Open Games (1.e4 e5).Of these, 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, and 1.c4 are by far the most popular as these moves do the most to promote rapid development and control of the center.Ī simple descriptive grouping of the chess opening is: Black has twenty possible responses to White?s opening move. ![]() The beginning chess position offers White twenty possible first moves. ![]() There is also a psychological element in choosing a chess opening to play: try to drag the opponent into types of positions with which you are more familiar and more comfortable playing than him Classification of Chess OpeningsĪll the openings are classified by the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, you can view all of them by clicking here. ![]() Piece coordination- As each player mobilizes his or her pieces, each attempts to assure that they are working harmoniously towards the control of key squares.At the same time, some other openings sacrifice these endgame considerations for a quick attack on the opponent’s position Prevention of pawn weakness – most chess openings strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled, and backward pawns, pawn islands, etc.Instead, the center can be controlled from a distance, breaking down one opponent’s center, and only taking over the center ones. It is not always necessary or even desirable to occupy the center with pieces physically in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed, leaving its architect vulnerable an impressive-looking pawn center is worth little unless it can be maintained. Control the center – control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent.Move your king to safety – the king is vulnerable due to his initial placement in the middle of the chessboard, which is usually reduced by castling.Develop your pieces – rapidly mobilize the pieces on useful squares where they will have an impact on the game, keeping them in harmonious communication.The idea behind this is that playing first gives White a slight initial advantage for example, White will be the first to attack if the game opens symmetrically (Black mirrors White’s moves).Īimlessly playing the chess opening may result in your opponent getting a huge advantage.įor most openings, the fundamental chess strategic aims are similar: Your First Trial Lesson is FREE! Schedule it HERE What Are The Goals During OpeningĪt higher levels of competition, for many years the main objectives of opening play were to obtain the best position when playing as White and to equalize when playing as Black. When kept secret until used in a competitive game it is often known as a “prepared variation”, and can be a formidable weapon even in top-class competition. A new sequence of moves in the opening is referred to as a “theoretical novelty”. Professional players spend years studying openings and continue doing so throughout their careers, as opening theory continues to evolve. In some opening lines, the exact sequence considered best for both sides has been worked out to 30-35 moves or more. There are dozens of different openings, varying widely in character from quiet positional play to very aggressive. The middlegame is the developed phase of the game and then comes the endgame when most of the pieces are gone and kings start to take an active part in the struggle. The chess opening contains the first moves when both sides endeavor to develop their forces into the sphere of action where they will exercise the greatest power against the opponent’s defenses. The chess game is divided, due to different chess strategic and tactical patterns, into three phases: the chess opening, the middlegame, and the endgame. “When you see a good move, wait – look for a better one.” – Emanuel Lasker, 2nd World Chess Champion ![]() Click "Add To Cart" Now To Arouse Smiles With Peace Of MindĬharacter may vary depending on the availability of product Not satisfied with these stress relief toys? Don't worry, we'll send you a replacement or issue a full refund. Also great as pinata fillers, holiday stocking stuffers, and classroom treasure box prizes.īuy with confidence - have fun knowing that we've got your back completely. They are ideal for relieving anxiety at work or school and can be made into sensory toys for children with ADHD and autism to promote calm.įUN PARTY FAVORS: Looking for birthday party favors both boys and girls will love? Goodie bag fillers to make those goodie bags a hit? These toys are the perfect gift. Ideal for kids ages 3 and up, these 2-3 -inch squeezable smiley sprinkles are just what you need to bring a smile to anyone's face.ĮASY TO SQUEEZE: Made from a rubbery material, these animals are not only easy to squeeze they are a sensory treat. SQUEEZY GOODNESS - Stress relief has never looked so cool Squeeze these animal toys and eyes pop out in squishy fashion. The measurement allowed error is +/- 1-3cm. Item type: Stunt carRemote control method: 2.4G wireless remote controlPower supply: Built-in battery(for car)Logo color: random colors, don't accept the specified colorcolour: blue/redMaterial: PlasticSize: 17x19x12CMPackage Contents:1 x stunt car(with battery)1 x USB cable1 x remote controlNote: Light shooting and different displays may cause the color of the item in the picture a little different from the real thing. ![]() Anti-vibration off-road vehicle: It adopts anti-collision double tire design, which is suitable for indoor and outdoor such as beach, wetland, grassland and so on. You can use the remote control to control the children's remote control car in any direction.4. 360° rotating stunt: double-sided running, forward, backward, left turn, right turn, 360 degree flip, so this electric remote control stunt car has a different playing experience. Anti-skid tires: anti-skid tires, better enhanced friction simulation tires, clearer texture, wear-resistant and fall-resistant.3. Made of high-quality materials, it has good anti-fall and anti-fall performance, strong impact resistance, and is not damaged by brute force collision.2. It's the perfect way to engage both body and mind!ġ. It encourages perseverance, confidence, and a sense of achievement as climbers conquer obstacles and reach new heights. Climbing is known to enhance strength, coordination, balance, and problem-solving skills. This kit not only provides an exciting physical activity but also promotes a host of developmental benefits. Additionally, the materials used are rigorously tested to meet the highest safety standards, giving you peace of mind as you embark on your climbing adventure. ![]() The DIY Assemble Climbing Wall Amusement Park includes comprehensive assembly instructions and guidelines to ensure proper installation and usage. The kit includes sturdy climbing holds, reinforced bolts, and anchors, ensuring a secure and reliable structure. The durable, high-quality materials are specifically chosen to ensure safety and longevity, providing a sturdy foundation for hours of active play. Inside the package, you'll find everything you need to construct your very own climbing wall amusement park. Designed for adventurers of all ages, this incredible kit allows you to transform any space into an exhilarating playground, filled with excitement, challenge, and endless fun! ![]() Unleash the thrill-seeker within and embark on a captivating journey with our DIY Assemble Climbing Wall Amusement Park. Worry-Free Warranty: Please get in touch with us if you are not completely satisfied with your purchase for any reason, and we will provide a replacement or refund. It's an ideal toy gift for children aged 3 and up. The surface is smooth, and the darts are soft, so kids will not be hurt during play. Premium Toy Material: Our toys are made of high-quality plastic that complies with US toy CPSIA standards. Pull back the launch loading, place the mini-cars on it, and press the key to launch with a distance up to 42.7 feet! Kids can race with each other to develop social skills.Ĭool Gatling Gun Design: Fill the up to 5 foam darts each round, pull back the rings, then press the aiming button to launch the darts up to 15 feet within a safe distance! No battery needs. Race Together & Develop Skills: It can be a car launcher. It also comes with foam suction darts x 10, colorful die casts x 8, screwdriver x 1, car sticker pack x 1. Unique Value Pack: Gatling toy gun is creatively combined with the toy truck for endless fun, improving children’s hand-eye coordination, and stimulating creativity. ![]() In the beginning, there could be derivational prefixes as we find them in English, such as un- and re. One can hypothesize that there should be recurrent parts of words that would be, for instance, case endings on nouns, as one founds them in Russian, Latin and Greek. The “words” (let us assume they are in fact words) are separated by spaces (which is, by the way, not the case in all old texts). How does one go about deciphering a script and text like the one in the Voynich manuscript? One can use the number of signs (letters) in the text, the length of the different words, the combination of the signs and recurrence of patterns as clues. By comparison, Linear B, a syllabic script which predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries, was deciphered mainly on the basis of short inscriptions on clay tablets, not a book-length manuscript. As the manuscript contains 288 pages, it is certainly not the lack of material that has hindered the interpretation of the text. Who wrote the manuscript? In which language? What is it about? What is the meaning or reference of these strange drawings of dragons, bathing naked ladies and maps of known and unknown places? Why are there no corrections in the manuscript? Naked lady in Voynich manuscript: What is she doing? And with what?Īs a linguist, one is of course curious about the text, and one wants to know whether it is written in a known or unknown language. But other than that, only mysteries remain. The text and illustrations could be newer, but could be from the same time as well. The Voynich manuscript is written on parchment that is dated to the first half of the 15 thcentury. The first known owner of the manuscript, Voynich ![]() My friend, Eric, became a car mechanic and I became a linguist. We have not managed to decipher the Voynich manuscript. In this contribution I will argue that the manuscript is in fact not interesting at all for language nerds.Īs a teenager, a friend and I challenged each other in writing short texts in secret scripts, and we became better and better in deciphering them, while we also improved our skills in making our codes more complicated. Linguists have tried as well, but all in vain. Cryptographers-specialists in secret writing-have broken their brains on it. People have claimed it could be written in a form of Hebrew, in a Romance language, in an earlier form of Romani, an Indic language, or even in a language from another planet. Nobody has been able to translate the manuscript there have been many proposals, but all have been rejected. It has been publicly available for a century, and now it is also available online. The manuscript is more than 500 years old. It is written in a totally unknown script in an unidentified language. No one has yet been able to decipher it, and many have tried. This manuscript is one of the big enigmas of medieval history and, for that matter, linguistics. Last year I was contacted by someone who claimed to have deciphered the Voynich manuscript. |